Katalina+H

NAME: Katalina Hoffman Date: 10/29/10 Period: 5 TOPIC: Subject Verb Agreement

QUESTIONS:1.) What are collective nouns? A collective noun may agree grammatically with the verb either as a singular noun or as a plural noun and take either a singular or plural pronoun  2.) What does plural forms of nouns? A plural noun is a noun that is more than one. Nouns are categorized as people, places, things or ideas. So a plural noun, is when there is more than one person, more than one place and more than one thing or more than one idea. 3.) What are subject verb agreement? The basic English rule for subject verb agreement states that a singular noun must accompany a singular verb and a plural noun must accompany a plural verb form.

NOTES: See the section on [|**Plurals**] for additional help with subject-verb agreement. The indefinite pronouns //anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody// are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs. Some indefinite pronouns — such as //all, some// — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns. On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, //none//, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number. (Writers generally think of //none// as meaning //not any// and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard //none// as meaning //not one//, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.") Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome **Everyone** and **everybody** (listed above, also) certainly //feel// like more than one person and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them. They are always singular, though. **Each** is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice. //Each,// too, is always singular and requires a singular verb. Everyone **has** finished his or her homework. You would always say, "Everybody //is// here." This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that. __Each__ of the students **is** responsible for doing his or her work in the library. Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is //each// and //each// is always singular — __Each is__ responsible. Phrases such as //together with, as well as//, and //along with// are not the same as //and//. The phrase introduced by //as well as// or //along with// will modify the earlier word (//mayor// in this case), but it does not __compound__ the subjects (as the word //and// would do). The pronouns //neither// and //either// are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things. > Either **is** fine with me. In informal writing, //neither// and //either// sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with //of.// This is particularly true of interrogative constructions: "__Have__ either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "__Are__ either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."* The conjunction //or// does not conjoin (as //and// does): when //nor// or //or// is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number. Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father __is__ going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible. The words //there// and //here// are never subjects. With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb. Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (//he, she, it// and anything those words can stand for) have //s//-endings. Other verbs do not add //s//-endings. He love__s__ and she love__s__ and they love_ and. . . . Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb. The **mayor**, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, **is** finally going to jail. Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa. Consult the section on the [|**Plural Forms of Nouns**] and the section on [|**Collective Nouns**] for additional help. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase //pair of// (in which case the word //pair// becomes the subject). Some words end in //-s// and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs. On the other hand, some words ending in //-s// refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb. The names of sports teams that do not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat __have__ been looking …, The Connecticut Sun __are__ hoping that new talent …. See the section on [|plurals] for help with this problem. Fractional expressions such as //half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of// are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. (The same is true, of course, when //all, any, more, most// and //some// act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student __has__ tried this." If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject. SUMMARY by:
 *  Everyone **has** done his or her homework.
 *  Somebody **has left** her purse.
 *  Some of the beads **are** missing.
 *  Some of the water **is** gone.
 *  None of you **claims** responsibility for this incident?
 *  None of you **claim** responsibility for this incident?
 *  None of the students **have done** their homework. (In this last example, the word __their__ precludes the use of the singular verb.
 *  The __mayor__ as well as his brothers **is** going to prison.
 *  The __mayor and his brothers__ **are** going to jail.
 *  Neither of the two traffic lights **is** working.
 *  Which shirt do you want for Christmas?
 *  Either my father or my brothers **are** going to sell the house.
 *  Neither my brothers nor my father **is** going to sell the house.
 *  **Are** either my brothers or my father responsible?
 *  **Is** either my father or my brothers responsible?
 *  There **are** two reasons [plural subject] for this.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> There **is** no reason for this.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Here **are** two apples.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> My glasses **were** on the bed.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> My pants **were** torn.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> A pair of plaid trousers **is** in the closet.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The news from the front **is** bad.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Measles **is** a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> My assets **were** wiped out in the depression.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The average worker's earnings **have** gone up dramatically.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Our thanks **go** to the workers who supported the union.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Some of the voters **are** still angry.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> A large percentage of the older population **is** voting against her.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Two-fifths of the troops **were** lost in the battle.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Two-fifths of the vineyard **was** destroyed by fire.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Forty percent of the students **are** in favor of changing the policy.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Forty percent of the student body **is** in favor of changing the policy.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Two and two **is** four.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Four times four divided by two **is** eight.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The department members but not the chair __**have**__ **decided** not to teach on Valentine's Day.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> It is not the faculty members but the president who **decides** this issue.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> It was the speaker, not his ideas, that __**has**__ **provoked** the students to riot.

Date:10/29/10 Period:5th || a noun is listed with other nouns, an -ing formwith other //-//
 * TOPIC:Parallel Structure || NAME: Michael S.
 * QUESTIONS: || NOTES:* <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Two or more words are using phrases
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Or clauses that are similar in length
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The gremial form are also called parallelism
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">By convention items in series appear in parallel form
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">**ing forms, and so on. Failure to express such items in similar grammatical form is called faulty parallelism.**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Parallel structure is the term writers use to describe similar ideas expressed in similar ways.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The similar ideas are running, fishing, and to ski, the three things you like to do. A more graceful and readable way to write them is to use parallel structure
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Readers read more fluently when they can anticipate what will come next in a sentence or passage
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Parallel structure fulfills what good readers anticipate, much as a well-developed paragraph fulfills the anticipation set up in the topic sentence.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">More specifically, a good writer uses a thesis statement or topic sentence to tell the reader what to expect next and then fulfills that commitment to the reader.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">When a writer presents a series of ideas, readers expect them to be stated in the same way. ||
 * || SUMMARY by: ||

TOPIC: Run on Sentences NAME: Ashley Ehrman Date:10/29/10 Period: 5 QUESTIONS: >> NOTES: <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; unicode-bidi: embed;"> run on sentences are a sentence that has two independent ideas that can both be a sentence on there own. <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; unicode-bidi: embed;"> The length of the sentence has nothing to do with if it is a run on sentence or not. A **RUN-ON SENTENCE** has two parts, both can stand by itself. It is important to realize that the length of a sentence really has nothing to do with whether a sentence is a run-on or not. a run on sentance can be really short.
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.3125in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">what is a run on sentence?
 * 2) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.3125in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">in what type of sentence would a run on sentence be okay?
 * 3) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.3125in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;">How do you make a run on sentance not a run on sentence?

<span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; unicode-bidi: embed;"> example: The sun is high, put on some sunblock. An extremely long sentence is called "run-off-at-the-mouth" sentence, but it can be otherwise When two independent clauses are connected by //only// a comma, they constitute a run-on sentence that is called a **comma-splice**. The example just above (about the sunscreen) is a comma-splice. When you use a comma to connect two independent clauses, it must be accompanied by a little conjunction //(and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so).// <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; unicode-bidi: embed;">The sun is high, so put on some sunscreen. Run-on sentences happen typically under the following circumstances*: >> This next chapter has a lot of difficult information in it, you should start studying right away. >> (We could put a period where that comma is and start a new sentence. A semicolon might also work there.) >> Mr. Nguyen has sent his four children to ivy-league colleges, however, he has sacrificed his health working day and night in that dusty bakery. >> (Again, where that first comma appears, we could have used either a period — and started a new sentence — or a semicolon.) >> This computer doesn't make sense to me, it came without a manual. >> (Although these two clauses are quite brief, and the ideas are closely related, this is a run-on sentence. We need a period where that comma now stands.) >> Most of those computers in the Learning Assistance Center are broken already, this proves my point about American computer manufacturers. >> Again, two nicely related clauses, incorrectly connected — a run-on. Use a period to cure this sentence SUMMARY by:
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **When an independent clause gives an order or directive based on what was said in the prior independent clause:**
 * 1) <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **When two independent clauses are connected by a transitional expression (conjunctive adverb) such as** //**however, moreover, nevertheless.**//
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">**When the second of two independent clauses contains a pronoun that connects it to the first independent clause.**