Ashley+E.

TOPIC: Run on Sentences NAME: Ashley Ehrman Date:10/29/10 Period: 5 QUESTIONS: NOTES:  Run on sentences are a sentence that has two independent ideas that can both be a sentence on there own.  The length of the sentence has nothing to do with if it is a run on sentence or not. A **RUN-ON SENTENCE** has two parts, both can stand by itself. It is important to realize that the length of a sentence really has nothing to do with whether a sentence is a run-on or not. a run on sentance can be really short.
 * 1) What is a run on sentence? a sentance that has two independent idea's that can both stand on there own
 * 2) In what type of sentence would a run on sentence be okay?if the sentance is accopanied by a word like ( //and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so)// or if the sentance has a comma slice
 * 3) How do you make a run on sentence not a run on sentence?you can put a comma in or a conjunction or if both of the idea's can stand on there own then you can make then two diffrent sentances.

 example: The sun is high, put on some sunblock. An extremely long sentence is called "run-off-at-the-mouth" sentence, but it can be otherwise When two independent clauses are connected by //only// a comma, they constitute a run-on sentence that is called a **comma-splice**. The example just above (about the sunscreen) is a comma-splice. When you use a comma to connect two independent clauses, it must be accompanied by a little conjunction //(and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so).// The sun is high, so put on some sunscreen. Run-on sentences happen typically under the following circumstances*: >> This next chapter has a lot of difficult information in it, you should start studying right away. >> (We could put a period where that comma is and start a new sentence. A semicolon might also work there.) >> Mr. Nguyen has sent his four children to ivy-league colleges, however, he has sacrificed his health working day and night in that dusty bakery. >> (Again, where that first comma appears, we could have used either a period — and started a new sentence — or a semicolon.) >> This computer doesn't make sense to me, it came without a manual. >> (Although these two clauses are quite brief, and the ideas are closely related, this is a run-on sentence. We need a period where that comma now stands.) >> Most of those computers in the Learning Assistance Center are broken already, this proves my point about American computer manufacturers. >> Again, two nicely related clauses, incorrectly connected — a run-on. Use a period to cure this sentence SUMMARY by:
 * 1)  **When an independent clause gives an order or directive based on what was said in the prior independent clause:**
 * 1)  **When two independent clauses are connected by a transitional expression (conjunctive adverb) such as** //**however, moreover, nevertheless.**//
 * **When the second of two independent clauses contains a pronoun that connects it to the first independent clause.**

NAME: Katalina Hoffman Date: 10/29/10 Period: 5 TOPIC: Subject Verb Agreement

QUESTIONS:these are before the notes. 1.) What are collective nouns? 2.) What does plural forms of nouns? 3.) What are subject verb agreement? NOTES: See the section on [|**Plurals**] for additional help with subject-verb agreement.  The indefinite pronouns //anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody// are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.  Some indefinite pronouns — such as //all, some// — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.  On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, //none//, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number. (Writers generally think of //none// as meaning //not any// and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard //none// as meaning //not one//, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.") Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome **Everyone** and **everybody** (listed above, also) certainly //feel// like more than one person and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them. They are always singular, though. **Each** is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice. //Each,// too, is always singular and requires a singular verb. Everyone **has** finished his or her homework. You would always say, "Everybody //is// here." This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that. __Each__ of the students **is** responsible for doing his or her work in the library. Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is //each// and //each// is always singular — __Each is__ responsible. Phrases such as //together with, as well as//, and //along with// are not the same as //and//. The phrase introduced by //as well as// or //along with// will modify the earlier word (//mayor// in this case), but it does not __compound__ the subjects (as the word //and// would do). The pronouns //neither// and //either// are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things. > Either **is** fine with me. In informal writing, //neither// and //either// sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with //of.// This is particularly true of interrogative constructions: "__Have__ either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "__Are__ either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."* The conjunction //or// does not conjoin (as //and// does): when //nor// or //or// is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number. Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father __is__ going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible. The words //there// and //here// are never subjects. With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb. Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (//he, she, it// and anything those words can stand for) have //s//-endings. Other verbs do not add //s//-endings. He love__s__ and she love__s__ and they love_ and. . . . Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb. The **mayor**, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, **is** finally going to jail. Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa. Consult the section on the [|**Plural Forms of Nouns**] and the section on [|**Collective Nouns**] for additional help. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase //pair of// (in which case the word //pair// becomes the subject). Some words end in //-s// and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs. On the other hand, some words ending in //-s// refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb. The names of sports teams that do not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat __have__ been looking …, The Connecticut Sun __are__ hoping that new talent …. See the section on [|plurals] for help with this problem. Fractional expressions such as //half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of// are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. (The same is true, of course, when //all, any, more, most// and //some// act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student __has__ tried this." If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject. SUMMARY by:
 *  Everyone **has** done his or her homework.
 *  Somebody **has left** her purse.
 *  Some of the beads **are** missing.
 *  Some of the water **is** gone.
 *  None of you **claims** responsibility for this incident?
 *  None of you **claim** responsibility for this incident?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> None of the students **have done** their homework. (In this last example, the word __their__ precludes the use of the singular verb.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The __mayor__ as well as his brothers **is** going to prison.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The __mayor and his brothers__ **are** going to jail.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Neither of the two traffic lights **is** working.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Which shirt do you want for Christmas?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Either my father or my brothers **are** going to sell the house.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Neither my brothers nor my father **is** going to sell the house.
 * <span style="color: fuchsia; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **Are** either my brothers or my father responsible?
 * <span style="color: fuchsia; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> **Is** either my father or my brothers responsible?
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> There **are** two reasons [plural subject] for this.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> There **is** no reason for this.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Here **are** two apples.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> My glasses **were** on the bed.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> My pants **were** torn.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> A pair of plaid trousers **is** in the closet.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The news from the front **is** bad.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Measles **is** a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> My assets **were** wiped out in the depression.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The average worker's earnings **have** gone up dramatically.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Our thanks **go** to the workers who supported the union.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Some of the voters **are** still angry.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> A large percentage of the older population **is** voting against her.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Two-fifths of the troops **were** lost in the battle.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Two-fifths of the vineyard **was** destroyed by fire.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Forty percent of the students **are** in favor of changing the policy.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Forty percent of the student body **is** in favor of changing the policy.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Two and two **is** four.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> Four times four divided by two **is** eight.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> The department members but not the chair __**have**__ **decided** not to teach on Valentine's Day.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> It is not the faculty members but the president who **decides** this issue.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;"> It was the speaker, not his ideas, that __**has**__ **provoked** the students to riot.

a noun is listed with other nouns, an -ing formwith other //-//
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Two or more words are using phrases
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Or clauses that are similar in length
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The gremial form are also called parallelism
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">By convention items in series appear in parallel form
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">**ing forms, and so on. Failure to express such items in similar grammatical form is called faulty parallelism.**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Parallel structure is the term writers use to describe similar ideas expressed in similar ways.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">The similar ideas are running, fishing, and to ski, the three things you like to do. A more graceful and readable way to write them is to use parallel structure
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Readers read more fluently when they can anticipate what will come next in a sentence or passage
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">Parallel structure fulfills what good readers anticipate, much as a well-developed paragraph fulfills the anticipation set up in the topic sentence.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">More specifically, a good writer uses a thesis statement or topic sentence to tell the reader what to expect next and then fulfills that commitment to the reader.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">When a writer presents a series of ideas, readers expect them to be stated in the same way.